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Table 6 Results of the mixed models analyses investigating the effect of a >= 35% increase in physical activity on primary outcome measures including physical activity, physical fitness, and cognition

From: The effects of a moderate physical activity intervention on physical fitness and cognition in healthy elderly with low levels of physical activity: a randomized controlled trial

Outcome

 > = 35% increase PA T2

N = 35

 < 35% increase  PA T2

N = 45

Model A

N = 80

  

Model B

N = 75

  

Physical activity

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

B (95% CI)

P value

d

B (95% CI)

P value

d

 Steps per day

  Baseline

4877.68 (1146.94)

4928.47 (1148.09)

      

  9 months

9204.67 (2303.47)

5312.41 (1836.38)

2002.22

(1515.78–2488.65)

.000

1.76

2079.88

(1560.74–2599.03)

.000

1.82

 Self-reported PA

  Baseline

135.14 (70.88)

101.93 (68.45)

      

  9 months

145.31 (81.18)

111.51 (60.59)

1.59 (− 15.08 to 18.25)

.85

.02

2.70 (− 15.35 to 20.74)

.77

.03

Physical fitness

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

B (95% CI)

P value

d

B (95% CI)

P value

 

 Aerobic capacity

  Baseline

464.37 (75.46)

430.78 (102.97)

      

  9 months

527.74 (96.52)

456.61 (114.91)

21.40 (1.51–41.29)

.04

.23

24.59 (3.83–45.35)

.02

.26

 Muscle strength

  Baseline

0.04 (1.32)

 − 0.61 (2.11)

      

  9 months

0.55 (1.36)

 − 0.23 (1.93)

0.13 (− 0.07 to 0.34)

.20

.07

0.18 (− 0.04 to 0.40)

.11

.10

 Balance

  Baseline

39.04 (2.86)

37.38 (5.03)

      

  9 months

38.87 (3.37)

38.88 (2.93)

 − 0.41 (− 1.08 to 0.26)

.23

.10

 − 0.45 (− 1.18 to 0.28)

.23

.11

 Gait

  Baseline

3.92 (0.85)

4.44(1.36)

      

  9 months

3.67 (1.04)

4.16 (0.88)

 − 0.27 (− 0.48 to − 0.05)

.02

.23

 − 0.29 (− 0.52 to − 0.10)

.02

.24

Cognition

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

B (95% CI)

P value

d

B (95% CI)

P value

d

 Global cognitiona

  Baseline

1.03 (2.75)

 − 0.87 (3.04)

      

  9 months

2.91 (2.53)

0.12 (3.66)

0.52 (0.13–0.91)

.009

.17

0.65 (0.23–1.04)

.002

.21

 Executive functioninga

  Baseline

0.71 (2.10)

 − 0.30 (2.51)

      

  9 months

1.73 (2.07)

 − 0.05 (2.58)

0.59 (0.22–0.96)

.001

.25

0.72 (0.33–1.11)

.000b

.30

 Learninga

  Baseline

0.03 (1.56)

1.01 (1.37)

      

  9 months

 − 0.30 (1.55)

0.24 (2.08)

0.17 (− 0.13 to 0.48)

.27

.11

0.17 (− 0.16 to 0.50)

.32

.11

 Verbal memorya

  Baseline

0.01 (1.02)

 − 0.35 (0.99)

      

  9 months

0.75 (0.83)

0.09 (1.00)

0.21 (0.01–0.40)

.04

.21

0.23 (0.02–0.44)

.03

.23

  1. aValues standardized over time. bEffect moderation by ApoE-ε4 observed. PA physical activity. Model A: adjusted for y at baseline, age, and sex. Model B: adjusted for y at baseline, age, sex, education, and ApoE-ε4 carrier status. d Cohen’s d