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Table 3 Results of the mixed models’ intention to treat analyses on primary outcomes including measures of physical activity, physical fitness, and cognition

From: The effects of a moderate physical activity intervention on physical fitness and cognition in healthy elderly with low levels of physical activity: a randomized controlled trial

Outcome

Intervention group

N = 69

Control group

N = 33

Model A

N = 102

  

Model B

N = 96

  

Physical activity

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

B (95% CI)

P value

d

B (95% CI)

P value

d

 Steps per day

  Baseline

4741.20 (1329.93)

4465.22 (1252.26)

      

  9 months

6708.67 (2971.22)

5595.89 (2594.14)

441.57 (− 107.69 to 990.82)

.12

.34

589.58 (8.78–1170.40)

.047

.45

 Self-reported PA

  Baseline

113.00 (69.25)

108.67 (70.98)

      

  9 months

126.09 (70.67)

117.15 (71.04)

3.30 (− 11.52 to 18.12)

.66

.05

1.73 (− 14.14 to 17.60)

.83

.02

Physical fitness

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

B (95% CI)

P value

d

B (95% CI)

P value

d

 Aerobic capacity

  Baseline

455.25 (87.49)

401.87 (78.92)

      

  9 months

488.68 (109.54)

437.92 (90.14)

 − 2.31 (− 20.79 to 16.17)

.81

.03

 − 0.63 (− 19.82 to 18.55)

.95

.01

 Muscle strengtha

  Baseline

 − 0.12 (1.33)

 − 0.69 (2.30)

      

  9 months

0.25 (1.44)

 − 0.41 (1.95)

0.03 (− 0.15 to 0.21)

.78

.02

0.00 (− 0.19 to 0.20)

.96

0

 Balance

  Baseline

38.52 (3.02)

37.06 (5.92)

      

  9 months

38.52 (3.18)

39.20 (2.77)

 − 0.68 (− 1.33 to − 0.02)

.04

.16

 − 0.76 (− 1.47 to − 0.05)

.04

.18

 Gait

  Baseline

4.28 (1.17)

4.12 (1.02)

      

  9 months

3.90 (0.81)

4.28 (1.19)

 − 0.14 (− 0.34 to 0.06)

.17b

.12

 − 0.12 (− 0.33 to 0.09)

.25b

.11

Cognition

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

B (95% CI)

P value

d

B (95% CI)

P value

d

 Global cognitiona

  Baseline

 − 0.02 (3.21)

 − 0.63 (2.53)

      

  9 months

1.12 (3.58)

0.42 (3.02)

0.05 (− 0.31 to 0.42)

.77

.02

0.06 (− 0.31 to 0.44)

.76

.02

 Executive functioninga

  Baseline

0.15 (2.44)

 − 0.29 (2.30)

      

  9 months

0.69 (2.53)

0.24 (2.44)

0.16 (− 0.20 to 0.53)

.37

.07

0.20 (− 0.19 to 0.59)

.32

.08

 Learninga

  Baseline

 − 0.17 (1.67)

 − 0.59 (1.06)

      

  9 months

0.27 (1.82)

0.41 (1.78)

 − 0.20 (− 0.48 to 0.08)

.16

.11

 − 0.16 (− 0.46 to 0.14)

.29

.11

 Verbal memorya

  Baseline

 − 0.21 (1.02)

 − 0.18 (0.77)

      

  9 months

0.27 (1.06)

0.16 (0.85)

0.04 (− 0.15 to 0.23)

.69

.04

0.05 (− 0.16 to 0.25)

.66

.05

  1. aValues standardized over time. bEffect moderation by sex observed. PA Physical activity. Model A: adjusted for y at baseline, age, and sex. Model B: adjusted for y at baseline, age, sex, education, and ApoE-ε4 carrier status, d = Cohen’s d