Outcome | Intervention group N = 69 | Control group N = 33 | Model A N = 102 |  |  | Model B N = 96 |  |  |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical activity | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | B (95% CI) | P value | d | B (95% CI) | P value | d |
 Steps per day | ||||||||
  Baseline | 4741.20 (1329.93) | 4465.22 (1252.26) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  9 months | 6708.67 (2971.22) | 5595.89 (2594.14) | 441.57 (− 107.69 to 990.82) | .12 | .34 | 589.58 (8.78–1170.40) | .047 | .45 |
 Self-reported PA | ||||||||
  Baseline | 113.00 (69.25) | 108.67 (70.98) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  9 months | 126.09 (70.67) | 117.15 (71.04) | 3.30 (− 11.52 to 18.12) | .66 | .05 | 1.73 (− 14.14 to 17.60) | .83 | .02 |
Physical fitness | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | B (95% CI) | P value | d | B (95% CI) | P value | d |
 Aerobic capacity | ||||||||
  Baseline | 455.25 (87.49) | 401.87 (78.92) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  9 months | 488.68 (109.54) | 437.92 (90.14) |  − 2.31 (− 20.79 to 16.17) | .81 | .03 |  − 0.63 (− 19.82 to 18.55) | .95 | .01 |
 Muscle strengtha | ||||||||
  Baseline |  − 0.12 (1.33) |  − 0.69 (2.30) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  9 months | 0.25 (1.44) |  − 0.41 (1.95) | 0.03 (− 0.15 to 0.21) | .78 | .02 | 0.00 (− 0.19 to 0.20) | .96 | 0 |
 Balance | ||||||||
  Baseline | 38.52 (3.02) | 37.06 (5.92) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  9 months | 38.52 (3.18) | 39.20 (2.77) |  − 0.68 (− 1.33 to − 0.02) | .04 | .16 |  − 0.76 (− 1.47 to − 0.05) | .04 | .18 |
 Gait | ||||||||
  Baseline | 4.28 (1.17) | 4.12 (1.02) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  9 months | 3.90 (0.81) | 4.28 (1.19) |  − 0.14 (− 0.34 to 0.06) | .17b | .12 |  − 0.12 (− 0.33 to 0.09) | .25b | .11 |
Cognition | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | B (95% CI) | P value | d | B (95% CI) | P value | d |
 Global cognitiona | ||||||||
  Baseline |  − 0.02 (3.21) |  − 0.63 (2.53) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  9 months | 1.12 (3.58) | 0.42 (3.02) | 0.05 (− 0.31 to 0.42) | .77 | .02 | 0.06 (− 0.31 to 0.44) | .76 | .02 |
 Executive functioninga | ||||||||
  Baseline | 0.15 (2.44) |  − 0.29 (2.30) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  9 months | 0.69 (2.53) | 0.24 (2.44) | 0.16 (− 0.20 to 0.53) | .37 | .07 | 0.20 (− 0.19 to 0.59) | .32 | .08 |
 Learninga | ||||||||
  Baseline |  − 0.17 (1.67) |  − 0.59 (1.06) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  9 months | 0.27 (1.82) | 0.41 (1.78) |  − 0.20 (− 0.48 to 0.08) | .16 | .11 |  − 0.16 (− 0.46 to 0.14) | .29 | .11 |
 Verbal memorya | ||||||||
  Baseline |  − 0.21 (1.02) |  − 0.18 (0.77) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  9 months | 0.27 (1.06) | 0.16 (0.85) | 0.04 (− 0.15 to 0.23) | .69 | .04 | 0.05 (− 0.16 to 0.25) | .66 | .05 |