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Table 1 General characteristics of participants

From: Associations between proton pump inhibitors and Alzheimer’s disease: a nested case–control study using a Korean nationwide health screening cohort

Characteristics

Total participants

  

AD

Control

Standardized difference

Total number (n, %)

17,225 (100.0)

689,000 (100.0)

 

Age (years old) (n, %)

  

0.00

 60–64

982 (5.7)

3928 (5.7)

 

 65–69

2268 (13.2)

9072 (13.2)

 

 70–74

4312 (25.0)

17,248 (25.0)

 

 75–79

5364 (31.1)

21,456 (31.1)

 

 80–84

3686 (21.4)

14,744 (21.4)

 

 85 + 

613 (3.5)

2452 (3.5)

 

Sex (n, %)

  

0.00

 Male

6806 (39.5)

27,224 (39.5)

 

 Female

10,419 (60.5)

41,676 (60.5)

 

Income (n, %)

  

0.00

 1 (lowest)

3513 (20.4)

14,052 (20.4)

 

 2

1949 (11.3)

7796 (11.3)

 

 3

2320 (13.5)

9280 (13.5)

 

 4

3091 (17.9)

12,364 (17.9)

 

 5 (highest)

6352 (36.9)

25,408 (36.9)

 

Region of residence (n, %)

  

0.00

 Urban

6006 (34.9)

24,024 (34.9)

 

 Rural

11,219 (65.1)

44,876 (65.1)

 

Obesity (n, %)a

  

0.10

 Underweight

933 (5.4)

2975 (4.3)

 

 Normal

6921 (40.2)

25,135 (36.5)

 

 Overweight

4082 (23.7)

17,387 (25.2)

 

 Obese I

4795 (27.8)

21,168 (30.7)

 

 Obese II

494 (2.87)

2235 (3.24)

 

Smoking status (n, %)

  

0.04

 Nonsmoker

13,612 (79.0)

54,635 (79.3)

 

 Past smoker

1725 (10.0)

7452 (10.8)

 

 Current smoker

1888 (11.0)

6813 (9.8)

 

Alcohol consumption (n, %)

  

0.08

  < 1 time a week

13,381 (77.7)

51,270 (74.4)

 

  ≥ 1 time a week

3844 (22.3)

17,630 (25.6)

 

Systolic blood pressure (n, %)

  

0.03

  < 120 mmHg

3780 (21.9)

14,442 (21.0)

 

 120–139 mmHg

8184 (47.5)

33,688 (48.9)

 

  ≥ 140 mmHg

5261 (30.5)

20,770 (30.1)

 

Diastolic blood pressure (n, %)

  

0.03

  < 80 mmHg

7603 (44.1)

31,022 (45.0)

 

 80–89 mmHg

6177 (35.9)

24,947 (36.2)

 

  ≥ 90 mmHg

3445 (20.0)

12,931 (18.8)

 

Fasting blood glucose (n, %)

  

0.12

  < 100 mg/dL

9292 (53.9)

39,603 (57.5)

 

 100–125 mg/dL

5328 (30.9)

21,545 (31.3)

 

  ≥ 126 mg/dL

2605 (15.1)

7752 (11.3)

 

Total cholesterol (n, %)

  

0.04

  < 200 mg/dL

9345 (54.3)

38,088 (55.3)

 

 200–239 mg/dL

5315 (30.9)

21,564 (31.3)

 

  ≥ 240 mg/dL

2565 (14.9)

9248 (13.4)

 

CCI score (n, %)

  

0.4

 0

6254 (36.3)

38,304 (55.6)

 

 1

4099 (23.8)

13,152 (19.1)

 

  ≥ 2

6872 (39.9)

17,444 (25.3)

 

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (n, %)

  

0.02

 Yes

3267 (19.0)

12,542 (18.2)

 

 No

13,958 (81.0)

56,358 (81.8)

 

The days of H2-blocker useb (mean, SD)

62.25 (98.16)

43.79 (81.92)

0.20

 Exposure to PPI (n, %)

  

0.10

 Current

1264 (7.34)

3588 (5.21)

 

 Past

1652 (9.59)

5873 (8.52)

 

Duration of PPI use (n, %)

  

0.10

  < 30 days

1867 (10.8)

6663 (9.7)

 

 30–90 days

1162 (6.7)

3885 (5.4)

 

  > 90 days

1116 (6.5)

3437 (5.0)

 

Duration of PPI use (1st-generation) (n, %)

  

0.09

  < 30 days

1325 (7.7)

4406 (6.4)

 

 30–90 days

772 (4.5)

2434 (3.5)

 

  > 90 days

591 (3.4)

1848 (2.7)

 

Duration of PPI use (2nd-generation) (n, %)

  

0.06

  < 30 days

972 (5.6)

3479 (5.1)

 

 30–90 days

530 (3.1)

1795 (2.6)

 

  > 90 days

468 (2.7)

1412 (2.1)

 
  1. Abbreviations: AD Alzheimer’s disease, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, PPI proton pump inhibitor, SD standard deviation
  2. aObesity (BMI, body mass index, kg/m.2) was categorized as < 18.5 (underweight), ≥ 18.5 to < 23 (normal), ≥ 23 to < 25 (overweight), ≥ 25 to < 30 (obese I), and ≥ 30 (obese II)
  3. bThe H2-blocker use was included in the analyses because PPI users may take with or without concomitant use of H2-blockers