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Table 1 Behavioural results in APP/PSEN1-Tg model recapitulates most of the symptomatology in prodromal stages of human AD. In every square, we observe some of the alterations (blue) in human subjects before the AD diagnosis, and the respective behavioural results in APP/PSEN1-Tg mouse model (white) before the massive amyloid deposition obtained in the present study. ↑ increased; ↓ decreased; = unaltered

From: Comorbidity between Alzheimer’s disease and major depression: a behavioural and transcriptomic characterization study in mice

Alterations

Mouse in the present study

Human

3 months old

6 months old

Previous to AD

Anxiety

  

↑ [54,55,56]

Elevated plus maze

↑ Anxiety-related behaviours

↑ Anxiety-related behaviours

 

Open field

↑ Anxiety-related behaviours

↑ Anxiety-related behaviours

 

Working memory

  

↓ Working memory

↓ Attention

in patients with mild cognitive impairment before the AD diagnosis [57]

Spontaneous alternations in Y-maze

=

 

Recognition memory

  

↓ Recognition discriminability as a prodromal AD [58]

Short-term memory (NOR)

=

=

 

Long-term memory (NOR)

 

Spatial memory

  

↓ Spatial navigation in preclinical AD cases [59]

Left–right discrimination learning

 

Depression

  

↑ [54, 55]

Tail suspension test

↑ Despair-like behaviour only after stress

↑ Despair-like behaviour

 

Locomotion

  

↓ Walking speed in APOE4 carrier participants with mild cognitive impairment [60]

Locomotor activity

 

Olfactory discrimination

  

↓ Olfactory function before clinical manifestations of AD [61]

Habituation–dishabituation test

=

↓ (hyposmia)