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Table 4 Overview of urine melatonin levels in AD as compared to controls. ↓ means a significant reduction in urine melatonin in AD when compared to controls. = means no significant difference in urine melatonin in AD when compared to controls. A black star was attributed per NOS criterium per category (selection, comparability, exposure) met. Stars were kept white if the NOS criterium in the corresponding category was not met

From: Melatonin levels in the Alzheimer’s disease continuum: a systematic review