A cross-sectional and longitudinal study on the protective effect of bilingualism against dementia using brain atrophy and cognitive measures

Table 1 Sociodemographic and neuropsychological variables for monolingual and bilingual MCI patients

	Monolinguals (N = 60)^a	Bilinguals (N = 39)^a	Statistical differences	p value
Gender	M/F = 26/34	M/F = 24/15	χ² = 3.13	0.08
Age	73.58 (5.76)	74.26 (5.78)	t = − 0.56	0.57
Years of schooling	8.62 (3.45)	8.33 (2.43)	t = 0.47	0.63
Cognitive level	− 0.05 (0.6)	0.07 (0.64)	t = − 1.00	0.32
MMSE	26.95 (2.63)	27.23 (2.18)	− 0.55	0.58
FAQ	3.3 (2.58)	3.82 (2.48)	− 0.97	0.32
Boston	9.33 (1.45)	9.77 (1.31)	− 1.52	0.13
Phonetic fluency	8.37 (2.14)	8.51 (2.62)	− 0.30	0.76
Semantic fluency	10.63 (2.47)	10.74 (2.19)	− 0.23	0.82
WLA	9.03 (2.88)	9.79 (2.78)	− 1.30	0.20
WLR	1.07 (0.86)	1.10 (0.91)	− 0.20	0.84
Remote memory	9.18 (1.46)	9.49 (1.23)	− 1.08	0.28
Clock-drawing	7.14 (1.80)	7.00 (1.41)	0.39	0.69

N sample size, M/F males/females, χ² chi-squared test, t t-value for two-sample t test, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, FAQ Functional Activities Questionnaire, WLA word list acquisition, WLR word list recall
^aMean and standard deviation (in parentheses) are shown for quantitative variables

ISSN: 1758-9193