Fig. 3
Difference in standardized cognitive tests of memory (a), reasoning (b), semantic (c), and phonemic fluency (d) in APOE ε4 heterozygotes and homozygotes compared to non-ε4 carriers. Analysis are undertaken using joint models, using age as time scale (age, age2, and age3), and adjusted for sex, marital status, education level, occupation, and their interactions with time. Gray-shaded intervals represent 95% confidence intervals of the estimates