Fig. 3

Aβ oligomer accumulation in the ecto/ventral halves of the peripheral olfactory system of 5xFAD mice. a Illustration of criteria to indicate the relative angular position of olfactory synapses. b Representative A11-positive ROI heatmap in WT (left) and 5xFAD (right) mice. c The radial chart represents A11-positive ROI along the angle of olfactory synapses. d, e A11 immunoreactivity was determined in the olfactory glomeruli of WT versus 5xFAD mice (WT, n = 7; 5xFAD, n = 9). d The local intensity of A11 (+) (green), OMP (+) (red), and DAPI (blue). e A11 immunoreactivity in the glomerulus (top) and topographical illustration (bottom). f, g A11 immunoreactivity was determined in the OSN layers of WT versus 5xFAD mice (WT, n = 7; 5xFAD, n = 9). f The local intensity of A11 (+), OMP (+), and DAPI (blue). g A11 immunoreactivity in OSN layers (top) and topographical illustration (bottom). All data are presented as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. For statistical analysis, a two-way ANOVA was performed, followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test. Statistical significances are noted (ns, non-significant; ***P <  0.001). Olfactory marker protein (OMP), olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), wild-type (WT), five familial AD mutations (5xFAD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD)