Retinal microvasculature dysfunction is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment

Table 2 Multivariate analysis of vessel density and fractal dimension with cognitive impairment

Cognitive status	Superficial capillary plexus				Deep capillary plexus
Cognitive status	Mean ± SD	β	95 CI	P value*	Mean ± SD	β	95 CI	P value*
Vessel density (%)
Control	15.66 ± 0.96	Reference			21.54 ± 1.55	Reference
MCI	14.94 ± 1.02	− 0.72	− 1.22 to − 0.21	0.006	20.81 ± 1.65	− 0.73	− 1.54 to 0.09	0.081
AD	14.78 ± 1.14	− 0.88	− 1.49 to − 0.26	0.006	20.42 ± 1.60	− 1.12	− 2.00 to − 0.21	0.015
Fractal dimension
Control	1.861 ± 0.010	Reference			1.879 ± 0.013	Reference
MCI	1.850 ± 0.011	− 0.011	− 0.016 to − 0.006	< 0.001	1.876 ± 0.014	− 0.003	− 0.010 to 0.004	0.386
AD	1.853 ± 0.011	− 0.008	− 0.014 to − 0.002	0.006	1.876 ± 0.014	− 0.004	− 0.011 to 0.004	0.371

AD Alzheimer’s disease, CI confidence intervals, MCI mild cognitive impairment, SD standard deviation
*Adjusted for age, gender, race, diabetes, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic levels), and signal strength of OCTA scans

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