Fig. 7

Prenatal to early postnatal treatment with P021 prevents neuroinflammation at 4 and 22 months of age in 3xTg-AD mice. Representative Western blots developed with Iba1 and GFAP antibodies and their quantification after normalization with GAPDH in the hippocampus of 4-month- (a) and 22-month-old mice (b). 3xTg-Vh mice showed a marked increase of GFAP at both 4 months and 22 months, and treatment with P021 significantly decreased the GFAP level, while no significant change in the level of Iba1 was found in either 4- or 22-month-old mice. c Representative image of GFAP immunostaining in CA1 of 22-month-old 3xTg-AD mice; a marked increase in the intensity of GFAP staining, larger cell body, and short processes were observed, while P021 attenuated these changes. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Further intergroup comparisons were performed using unpaired, two-tailed t tests. n = 3–4 animals/group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01