Total (n = 579,710) | Non-SCD group (n = 357,654) | SCD group (n = 222,056) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | < 0.0001 | |||
Male | 266,311 (45.9%) | 173,795 (48.6%) | 92,516 (41.7%) | |
Female | 313,399 (54.1%) | 183,859 (51.4%) | 129,540 (58.3%) | |
Income | < 0.0001 | |||
Medicaid aid | 33,023 (5.7%) | 19,101 (5.3%) | 13,922 (6.3%) | |
Group 1 (1st to 6th ventiles) | 125,064 (21.6%) | 82,491 (23.1%) | 42,573 (19.2%) | |
Group 2 (7th to 14th ventiles) | 178,625 (30.8%) | 110,550 (30.9%) | 68,075 (30.7%) | |
Group 3 (15th to 20th ventiles) | 242,998 (41.9%) | 145,512 (40.7%) | 97,486 (43.9%) | |
Lifestyle factors | ||||
Smoking status | < 0.0001 | |||
Never smoked | 406,103 (70.1%) | 250,238 (70.0%) | 155,865 (70.2%) | |
Ex-smoker | 95,502 (16.5%) | 57,647 (16.1%) | 37,855 (17.0%) | |
Current smoker | 78,105 (13.5%) | 49,769 (13.9%) | 28,336 (12.8%) | |
Alcohol consumption | < 0.0001 | |||
No drinking: rarely | 508,547 (87.7%) | 314,324 (87.9%) | 194,223 (87.5%) | |
Light drinking: 3–4 times per week | 38,840 (6.7%) | 23,954 (6.7%) | 14,886 (6.7%) | |
Heavy drinking: almost every day | 32,323 (5.6%) | 19,376 (5.4%) | 12,947 (5.8%) | |
Exercise frequency | < 0.0001 | |||
Exercise | 327,775 (56.5%) | 200,723 (56.1%) | 127,052 (57.2%) | |
No exercise | 251,935 (43.5%) | 156,931 (43.9%) | 95,004 (42.8%) | |
Healthcare visit frequency* | ||||
First quartile | 144,858 (25.0%) | 93,542 (26.2%) | 51,316 (23.1%) | |
Second quartile | 144,945 (25.0%) | 89,583 (25.1%) | 55,362 (24.9%) | |
Third quartile | 144,988 (25.0%) | 88,208 (24.7%) | 56,780 (25.6%) | |
Fourth quartile | 144,919 (25.0%) | 86,321 (24.1%) | 58,598 (26.4%) | |
Past medical history | ||||
Psychiatric disorders | ||||
Depression | 48,653 (8.4%) | 26,676 (7.5%) | 21,977 (9.9%) | < 0.0001 |
Bipolar affective disorder | 1891 (0.3%) | 1059 (0.3%) | 832 (0.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Substance use disorder | 3522 (0.6%) | 2035 (0.6%) | 1487 (0.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Panic disorder | 2315 (0.4%) | 1298 (0.4%) | 1017 (0.5%) | < 0.0001 |
Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 671 (0.1%) | 370 (0.1%) | 301 (0.1%) | 0.001 |
Personality disorder | 237 (0.0%) | 142 (0.0%) | 95 (0.0%) | 0.619 |
Other psychiatric disorders | 140,212 (24.2%) | 81,764 (22.9%) | 58,448 (26.3%) | < 0.0001 |
Neurological diseases | ||||
Cerebrovascular disease | 80,212 (13.8%) | 46,895 (13.1%) | 33,317 (15.0%) | < 0.0001 |
Epilepsy | 8622 (1.5%) | 4807 (1.3%) | 3815 (1.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Migraines | 43,466 (7.5%) | 25,304 (7.1%) | 18,162 (8.2%) | < 0.0001 |
Headaches | 70,207 (12.1%) | 40,791 (11.4%) | 29,416 (13.2%) | < 0.0001 |
Sleep disorder | 63,769 (11.0%) | 36,635 (10.2%) | 27,134 (12.2%) | < 0.0001 |
Head injury | 64,698 (11.2%) | 39,459 (11.0%) | 25,239 (11.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Medical diseases | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 154,977 (26.7%) | 94,346 (26.4%) | 60,631 (27.3%) | < 0.0001 |
Myocardial infarction | 8504 (1.5%) | 5245 (1.5%) | 3259 (1.5%) | 0.981 |
Congestive heart failure | 31,952 (5.5%) | 19,222 (5.4%) | 12,730 (5.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Liver disease | 146,020 (25.2%) | 88,392 (24.7%) | 57,628 (26.0%) | < 0.0001 |
Renal disease | 5669 (1.0%) | 3476 (1.0%) | 2193 (1.0%) | 0.564 |
Peptic ulcer disease | 259,797 (44.8%) | 155,929 (43.6%) | 103,868 (46.8%) | < 0.0001 |
Thyroid gland disorder | 40,236 (6.9%) | 23,104 (6.5%) | 17,132 (7.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Asthma | 123,850 (21.4%) | 74,598 (20.9%) | 49,252 (22.2%) | < 0.0001 |
Cancer | 41,290 (7.1%) | 24,845 (6.9%) | 16,445 (7.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Medication history | ||||
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors | 128,527 (22.2%) | 77,725 (21.7%) | 50,802 (22.9%) | < 0.0001 |
Diabetes medication | 84,015 (14.5%) | 51,878 (14.5%) | 32,137 (14.5%) | 0.735 |
Antihypertensive medication | 288,262 (49.7%) | 178,093 (49.8%) | 110,169 (49.6%) | 0.180 |
Antidepressants | 31,079 (5.4%) | 17,216 (4.8%) | 13,863 (6.2%) | < 0.0001 |
Benzodiazepines and sleeping pills | 92,444 (15.9%) | 53,108 (14.8%) | 39,336 (17.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Antiplatelet medication | 140,615 (24.3%) | 86,071 (24.1%) | 54,544 (24.6%) | < 0.0001 |
Depression Screening Questionnaire score, mean (SD) | 0.34 (0.79) | 0.23 (0.67) | 0.53 (0.92) | < 0.0001 |
Laboratory findings | ||||
Cholesterol level, mean (SD), mg/dL | ||||
LDL cholesterol | 117.47 (35.58) | 117.26 (35.55) | 117.81 (35.64) | < 0.0001 |
HDL cholesterol | 53.63 (13.64) | 53.57 (13.61) | 53.73 (13.68) | < 0.0001 |
Triglycerides | 134.31 (70.64) | 134.80 (70.97) | 133.54 (70.10) | < 0.0001 |
Fasting glucose | 101.89 (20.96) | 102.11 (21.10) | 101.52 (20.73) | < 0.0001 |
Hemoglobin | 13.59 (1.40) | 13.63 (1.40) | 13.54 (1.39) | < 0.0001 |
Physical examination findings | ||||
Body mass index | 24.29 (2.98) | 24.31 (2.99) | 24.25 (2.98) | < 0.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure | 128.74 (15.43) | 129.05 (15.44) | 128.22 (15.41) | < 0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure | 78.01 (9.73) | 78.18 (9.73) | 77.73 (9.73) | < 0.0001 |