Fig. 1

EMP treatment limits metabolic alterations in db/db and APP/PS1xdb/db mice. a Long-term EMP treatment significantly reduced postprandial glucose levels in diabetic mice. No differences were detected at week 6 ([F_{(7, 36)=}0.864, p = 0.543], statistical power 0.317), although differences were detected from week 10 to week 22 (week 10 [F_{(7, 33)}=18.91], week 14 [F_{(7, 67)} = 32.92], week 18 [F_{(7, 69)} = 31.68], week 22 [F_{(7, 66)} = 25.12]; ^‡‡p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, APP/PS1-EMP, and APP/PS1xdb/db-EMP; ^††p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1-EMP]). b When insulin levels were analyzed, individual weekly assessment revealed that EMP treatment helped to maintain high insulin levels in db/db and APP/PS1xdb/db mice as the disease progresses (week 6 [F_{(7, 75)} = 2.29, p = 0.036], week 10 [F_{(7, 74)} = 4.47], week 14 [F_{(7, 69)} = 5.23], week 18 [F_{(7, 68)} = 5.42], week 22 [F_{(7, 69)} = 4.49], week 26 [F_{(7, 69)} = 6.89]; ^╫╫p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, and APP/PS1]; ^‡‡p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, APP/PS1-EMP, and db/db; ^††p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1-EMP; ^##p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, APP/PS1-EMP, db/db, and APP/PS1xdb/db). c Body weight was maintained by EMP, as revealed by weekly assessment (week 6 [F_{(7, 75)} = 6.21], week 10 [F_{(7, 73)} = 34.13], week 14 [F_{(7, 76)} = 42.39], week 18 [F_{(7, 77)} = 44.34], week 22 [F_{(7, 77)} = 55.71], week 26 [F_{(7, 77)} = 52.55]; ^††p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1-EMP]; ^##p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, APP/PS1-EMP, and db/db; ^††p < 0.01 vs. control, control-EMP, APP/PS1, and APP/PS1xdb/db; **p < 0.01 vs. rest of the groups) (control n = 13, control-EMP n = 10, APP/PS1 n = 9, APP/PS1-EMP n = 11, db/db n = 11, db/db-EMP n = 10–12, APP/PS1xdb/db n = 9, APP/PS1xdb/db-EMP n = 10)