Table 3 Descriptives, effect sizes, and results of ANCOVA for cognitive test scores
Testa | Group | Baseline | 12 weeks | 24 weeks | Effect sizeb, baseline-12 weeks | F(1, 66)d, p | Effect sizeb, baseline-24 weeks | F(1, 66)d, p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MMSE (score) | Exercise | 21.4 (3.94) | 21.0 (4.38) | 20.4 (4.77) | − 0.05 [− 0.53, 0.43] | 0.11, p > 0.05 | − 0.04 [− 0.52, 0.44] | 0.04, p > 0.05 |
Control | 19.5 (4.77) | 19.4 (5.64) | 18.8 (5.88) | |||||
TMTA (s) | Exercise | 121 (64.2) | 123 (63.7) | 126 (65.3) | − 0.03 [− 0.51, 0.45] | 0.51, p > 0.05 | − 0.14 [− 0.62, 0.34] | 0.52, p > 0.05 |
Control | 156 (65.2) | 156 (61.1) | 153 (56.6) | |||||
STROOP word (no. of correct responses) | Exercise | 54.3 (21.1) | 55.3 (19.7) | 53.5 (20.3) | 0.07 [− 0.41, 0.55] | 0.64, p > 0.05 | 0.13 [− 0.35, 0.61] | 1.35, p > 0.05 |
Control | 50.9 (22.5) | 50.5 (22.0) | 47.4 (20.1) | |||||
STROOP color (no. of correct responses) | Exercise | 41.3 (14.8) | 43.9 (17.0) | 43.3 (16.3) | 0.17 [− 0.31, 0.65] | 1.93, p > 0.05 | 0.03 [− 0.45, 0.51] | 0.47, p > 0.05 |
Control | 36.4 (17.6) | 36.3 (18.0) | 38.0 (15.4) | |||||
STROOP color-word (no. of correct responses) | Exercise | 17.6 (10.4) | 16.5 (10.8) | 17.2 (10.7) | − 0.24 [− 0.72, 0.24] | 0.45, p > 0.05 | − 0.37 [− 0.85, 0.12] | 0.61, p > 0.05 |
Control | 13.5 (9.05) | 14.9 (8.63) | 16.8 (8.83) | |||||
STROOP interference quotient | Exercise | 3.46 (3.18) | 4.04 (3.68) | 3.56 (2.81) | − 0.49 [− 0.98, 0.00] | 4.29, p = 0.04* | − 0.42 [− 0.90, 0.07] | 2.13, p > 0.05 |
Control | 4.19 (3.99) | 3.14 (2.21) | 3.00 (2.21) | |||||
DSFW (no. of correct responses) | Exercise | 6.79 (1.77) | 7.11 (2.14) | 6.67 (1.80) | 0.15 [− 0.33, 0.63] | 0.96, p > 0.05 | − 0.13 [− 0.61, 0.35] | 0.40, p > 0.05 |
Control | 6.53 (1.55) | 6.58 (1.67) | 6.64 (1.91) | |||||
DSBW (no. of correct responses) | Exercise | 4.00 (1.39) | 4.00 (1.54) | 4.01 (1.31) | − 0.03 [− 0.51, 0.45] | 0.20, p > 0.05 | 0.10 [− 0.38, 0.58] | 0.15, p > 0.05 |
Control | 4.17 (1.32) | 4.21 (1.48) | 4.04 (1.60) | |||||
VMSFW (no. of correct responses) | Exercise | 5.78 (1.95) | 5.50 (1.57) | 5.23 (1.50) | 0.04 [− 0.43, 0.52] | 2.01, p > 0.05 | − 0.05 [− 0.53, 0.43] | 1.20, p > 0.05 |
Control | 4.96 (1.80) | 4.60 (1.82) | 4.50 (2.05) | |||||
VMSBW (no. of correct responses) | Exercise | 4.31 (2.05) | 4.23 (1.93) | 4.56 (1.71) | 0.14 [− 0.34, 0.62] | 0.71, p > 0.05 | 0.33 [− 0.16, 0.81] | 2.92, p > 0.05 |
Control | 4.30 (1.86) | 3.94 (1.94) | 3.93 (1.98) | |||||
Fluency (no. of correct responses) | Exercise | 18.9 (7.73) | 18.3 (8.27) | 21.6 (8.49) | − 0.06 [− 0.54, 0.42] | 0.03, p > 0.05 | 0.13 [− 0.35, 0.61] | 2.00, p > 0.05 |
Control | 14.7 (9.39) | 14.6 (9.95) | 16.3 (9.52) |