A. Cox regression model (reference group = no medication) | ||||||||
p values | Hazard ratio | 95% confidence interval | ||||||
Age | < .0001 | 1.11 | 1.10 | 1.13 | ||||
Sex | 0.64 | 1.13 | 0.67 | 1.93 | ||||
African American | 0.28 | 0.79 | 0.51 | 1.22 | ||||
Hispanic | < .0001 | 1.85 | 1.31 | 2.61 | ||||
Other | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.43 | 2.24 | ||||
ACEI | 0.01 | 0.57 | 0.37 | 0.87 | ||||
Beta blocker | < .0001 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.57 | ||||
Metformin | 0.12 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 1.11 | ||||
Statins | 0.07 | 0.70 | 0.48 | 1.03 | ||||
Medication Duration | 0.72 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Sleep disorder | 0.58 | 0.88 | 0.56 | 1.39 | ||||
Thyroid | 0.90 | 0.97 | 0.62 | 1.53 | ||||
Cardiac Dysrhythmia | 0.07 | 1.39 | 0.97 | 2.00 | ||||
Cancer | 0.04 | 0.60 | 0.37 | 0.97 | ||||
Congestive heart failure | 0.03 | 0.50 | 0.26 | 0.94 | ||||
Coronary artery disease | 0.89 | 0.98 | 0.70 | 1.37 | ||||
Diabetes | 0.11 | 1.32 | 0.94 | 1.85 | ||||
Hyperlipidemia | 0.05 | 1.36 | 1.00 | 1.86 | ||||
Hypertension | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.73 | 1.37 | ||||
Kidney | 0.09 | 0.52 | 0.24 | 1.12 | ||||
Liver | 0.47 | 1.33 | 0.61 | 2.91 | ||||
Lung | 0.53 | 0.91 | 0.67 | 1.23 | ||||
Peripheral Artery Disease | 0.35 | 0.81 | 0.51 | 1.27 | ||||
Stroke | 0.85 | 0.96 | 0.65 | 1.42 | ||||
Alcohol | 0.93 | 0.98 | 0.67 | 1.44 | ||||
Anxiety | 0.20 | 1.24 | 0.89 | 1.71 | ||||
Bipolar | 0.79 | 1.06 | 0.68 | 1.65 | ||||
PTSD | 0.44 | 0.87 | 0.60 | 1.25 | ||||
Schizophrenia | 0.80 | 1.08 | 0.60 | 1.94 | ||||
Depression | 0.01 | 1.46 | 1.09 | 1.97 | ||||
Drug substance | 0.77 | 0.93 | 0.56 | 1.53 | ||||
Number of TBI occurrence | < .0001 | 1.03 | 1.01 | 1.06 | ||||
B. Multivariable Cox regression model (reference group = no medication or statin) | ||||||||
No med as the reference | Statin as the reference | |||||||
Medication | p value | HR | 95%CI | p value | HR | 95%CI | ||
ACEI | 0.01 | 0.57 | 0.37 | 0.87 | 0.44 | 0.85 | 0.56 | 1.29 |
Beta blocker | < .0001 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.57 | 0.01 | 0.56 | 0.36 | 0.88 |
Metformin | 0.12 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 1.11 | 0.92 | 1.02 | 0.63 | 1.68 |
Statins | 0.07 | 0.70 | 0.48 | 1.03 | – | – | – | – |