Fig. 7

Neutralization of solTNF with XPro1595 prevents the sociability deficits and anxiety-like behavior induced by HFHC diet consumption. a Representative heat map demonstrating individual time spent in each chamber of a three-chamber sociability test. b HFHC diet decreased the percentage of preference of exploration for an unfamiliar mouse, and solTNF neutralization rescues this behavior alteration (n = 11–12, interaction P = 0.0027). c HFHC-fed mice percentage of exploration of a novel object (n = 11–12, interaction P = 0.0027). Preference for novel mouse was calculated as [(time spent exploring novel mouse)/(total time spent exploring empty cup and novel mouse)] × 100. Preference for novel object was calculated as [(time spent exploring empty cup)/(total time spent exploring empty cup and novel mouse)] × 100. d, e Soluble TNF neutralization and its interaction with HFHC diet impacted time (n = 12–12, P = 0.0152) and frequency (n = 12–13, P = 0.0349) in the center of an open field as an indication of anxiety-like behavior. Animal behavior activity assessed using EthoVision XT Software. f No changes in the number of marbles buried was observed between the groups. Heat map representative of a single experiment. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons in GraphPad Prism 6. Bar height indicates mean of samples; error bars indicate standard error of the mean (SEM). Lowercase letters indicate post hoc analysis. Means with different lowercase letters are significantly different from each other, P < 0.05