Characteristics at baseline | Total, n | Intervention, n = 68 | Control, n = 64 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | ||||
Age at the baseline visit (years) | 132 | 70.3 | 69.8 | 0.50 |
Sex (women, %) | 132 | 29 (42.6) | 33 (51.5) | 0.30 |
Education (years) | 132 | 9.3 (2.9) | 9.2 (2.6) | 0.87 |
Baseline vascular factors | ||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129 | 139.6 (15.9) | 139.0 (14.7) | 0.83 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129 | 79.4 (8.9) | 78.6 (8.9) | 0.61 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 132 | 6.1 (0.77) | 6.1 (1.03) | 0.94 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 129 | 27.9 (3.7) | 26.9 (3.4) | 0.12 |
History of hypertension (%) | 128 | 46 (69.7) | 36 (58.1) | 0.17 |
History of diabetes (%) | 128 | 7 (10.6) | 8 (12.9) | 0.68 |
Baseline lifestyle factors | ||||
Physical activity 2 or more times/week (%) | 128 | 50 (73.5) | 48 (80.0) | 0.38 |
Current smokers (%) | 130 | 1 (1.49) | 4 (6.3) | 0.15 |
Alcohol drinking at least once/week (%) | 131 | 31 (45.5) | 30 (47.6) | 0.81 |
Fish intake at least twice/week (%) | 130 | 42 (61.8) | 33 (53.2) | 0.32 |
Daily intake of vegetables (%) | 132 | 47 (69.1) | 41 (64.0) | 0.53 |
*Baseline MRI measures | ||||
Total hippocampal volume, ml | 132 | 7.4 (4.8–9.3) | 7.2 (4.7–8.7) | 0.18 |
Total intracranial volume, ml | 132 | 1572.9 (1108.5–2032.7) | 1545.4 (957.9–1955.9) | 0.42 |
AD signature cortical thickness, mm | 132 | 2.8 (2.4–3.1) | 2.7 (2.4–3.1) | 0.61 |
Total GM volume, ml | 132 | 563.3 (450.7–669.7) | 559.1 (420.7–695.8) | 0.62 |
WML volume, ml | 118 | 10.9 (12.5) | 10.9 (14.3) | 0.97 |
Cognitive measures | ||||
Baseline | ||||
NTB total score | 132 | − 0.12 (0.49) | − 0.009 (0.54) | 0.22 |
Executive functioning | 132 | − 0.02 (0.55) | − 0.05 (0.60) | 0.75 |
Processing speed | 132 | − 0.15 (0.80) | 0.07 (0.75) | 0.10 |
Memory | 132 | − 0.18 (0.58) | − 0.01 (0.60) | 0.09 |
1 year follow-up | ||||
NTB total score | 130 | 0.04 (0.61) | 0.05 (0.58) | 0.95 |
Executive functioning | 129 | 0.05 (0.61) | − 0.05 (0.68) | 0.33 |
Processing speed | 130 | − 0.04 (0.86) | 0.07 (0.76) | 0.39 |
Memory | 130 | 0.09 (0.76) | 0.11 (0.68) | 0.87 |
2 year follow-up | ||||
NTB total score | 122 | 0.09 (0.67) | 0.09 (0.66) | 0.98 |
Executive functioning | 122 | 0.08 (0.65) | − 0.006 (0.70) | 0.47 |
Processing speed | 122 | − 0.014 (0.94) | 0.05 (0.85) | 0.67 |
Memory | 122 | 0.17 (0.77) | 0.19 (0.78) | 0.88 |