Fig. 2

Annual increase of CSF levels of YKL-40 and VILIP-1. Annual changes of CSF biomarker levels were assessed using age and sex-adjusted linear mixed models, with CSF biomarkers (VILIP-1 and YKL-40) as dependent variables and clinical diagnosis (categorical), time (LP interval in years), and interaction diagnosis × time as independent variables. The reported β value represents the estimated change of YKL-40 (ng/ml) or VILIP-1 (pg/ml) levels per year. Error bars represent SE of the reported effect. ^* p ≤0.005 for time effect, †p ≤0.05 for time effect. AD Alzheimer’s disease, MCI mild cognitive impairment, VILIP-1 Visinin-like protein-1, YKL-40 Chitinase-3-like protein 1