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Table 2 Focus depression: comparison of the brain monoamine levels between AD + D, AD-D, DLB + D and CONTR

From: The monoaminergic footprint of depression and psychosis in dementia with Lewy bodies compared to Alzheimer’s disease

Brain region

MA and MT or ratio

AD + D (number = 10)

AD-D (number = 10)

DLB + D (number = 10)

CONTR (number = 10)

BA9

MHPG (ng/g)

412.4 (314.3-704.8); n = 9

1,092.3 (499.2-1,734.5); n = 10b

284.3 (155.8-547.0); n = 10b

478.7 (409.2-758.3); n = 10

 

5-HT (ng/g)

9.8 (5.3-16.9); n = 9a

12.6 (7.7-14.4); n = 10e, bbb

3.4 (2.5-4.2); n = 10a, bbb

4.2 (1.3-11.0); n = 10e

BA10

MHPG (ng/g)

684.2 (312.1-1,080.1); n = 10

663.9 (432.5-940.3); n = 10b

297.7 (143.5-460.4); n = 10b

289.9 (177.3-498.1); n = 10

 

5-HIAA (ng/g)

239.2 (156.9-367.3); n = 10a

178.5 (124.3-310.5); n = 10

82.1 (58.9-125.8); n = 10a

128.7 (85.8-157.0); n = 10

 

HVA (ng/g)

116.6 (89.2-132.0); n = 10a

82.8 (63.2-98.0); n = 10

57.3 (41.9-66.3); n = 10a

102.6 (66.1-138.7); n = 10

 

5-HT (ng/g)

16.0 (11.8-34.4); n = 10aaa

13.4 (12.7-15.4); n = 10bbb

4.3 (2.4-5.8); n = 10aaa, bbb, f

12.4 (8.6-18.3); n = 10f

BA24

5-HIAA (ng/g)

394.5 (300.9-565.8); n = 10a

378.2 (360.6-508.6); n = 10b

229.5 (194.6-335.2); n = 10a, b

301.2 (192.1-499.8); n = 10

 

HVA (ng/g)

214.5 (180.5-263.2); n = 10a

202.1 (144.0-224.2); n = 10

131.21 (100.5-183.1); n = 10a

210.6 (179.8-263.6); n = 10

 

5-HT (ng/g)

39.4 (32.0-54.1); n = 10aa

44.4 (34.7-52.9); n = 10bb

21.6 (8.4-23.5); n = 10aa, bb

42.6 (22.0-53.0); n = 10

amygdala

MHPG (ng/g)

1,100.5 (634.4-1,568.7); n = 9a

592.2 (209.1-1,050.7); n = 8

430.1 (137.3-644.2); n = 10a

347.9 (241.9-588.1); n = 10

 

NA (ng/g)

67.4 (54.7-395.9); n = 8

76.2 (61.0-127.9); n = 8b

36.2 (26.6-48.9); n = 10b

60.2 (46.4-81.5); n = 10

hippocampus

5-HIAA (ng/g)

383.2 (260.5-689.9); n = 10

385.0 (348.7-954.9); n = 9b

271.9 (239.1-331.6); n = 10b

284.4 (242.9-349.3); n = 10

 

DA (ng/g)

9.0 (5.2-120.8); n = 9a

5.9 (4.7-16.7); n = 9

3.8 (2.4-5.3); n = 10a

8.9 (6.5-23.7); n = 10

 

HVA (ng/g)

224.5 (157.6-269.6); n = 10

206.5 (132.0-249.9); n = 9

133.0 (108.7-168.0); n = 10f

236.1 (193.3-333.1); n = 10f

 

5-HIAA/5-HT

8.2 (5.5-9.6); n = 10a

6.2 (4.2-13.8); n = 9

3.8 (2.8-5.2); n = 10a

4.4 (3.4-5.9); n = 10

 

DOPAC/DA

0.4 (0.1-1.7); n = 9a

1.5 (0.5-2.3); n = 9

3.0 (1.6-3.7); n = 10a, ff

0.7 (0.4-1.2); n = 10ff

thalamus

MHPG (ng/g)

1,273.7 (776.8-1,740.1); n = 10aa

686.2 (521.1-1,585.9); n = 10

248.5 (174.0-568.9); n = 10aa

494.4 (315.2-1,125.7); n = 10

 

NA (ng/g)

140.5 (111.1-164.6); n = 8a

183.9 (146.7-261.6); n = 10b

47.0 (25.0-76.6); n = 10a, b, ff

162.9 (91.6-213.7); n = 10ff

 

DA (ng/g)

14.0 (8.6-31.6); n = 10aaa

13.1 (9.3-28.5); n = 10bb

1.4 (1.0-5.3); n = 10aaa, bb, fff

19.7 (8.7-31.8); n = 10fff

 

DOPAC/DA

1.0 (0.5-1.3); n = 10a

1.0 (0.5-1.6); n = 10b

3.7 (1.9-11.3); n = 10a, b, ff

0.9 (0.5-1.1); n = 10ff

 

HVA/DA

31.0 (20.7-42.2); n = 10a

29.2 (14.8-70.0); n = 10b

225.5 (55.8-361.9); n = 10a, b, f

29.2 (23.1-44.3); n = 10f

BA11

5-HIAA (ng/g)

238.6 (165.2-464.6); n = 9

293.9 (176.1-424.6); n = 10b

83.9 (65.9-132.3); n = 10b, f

222.3 (161.4-353.6); n = 10f

 

HVA (ng/g)

146.1 (92.7-165.2); n = 9a

132.9 (84.3-182.5); n = 10b

62.5 (43.4-83.7); n = 10a, b, f

118.9 (91.7-166.1); n = 10f

 

5-HT (ng/g)

11.8 (6.8-20.2); n = 9

17.3 (10.5-36.7); n = 10bb

5.9 (3.7-8.2); n = 10bb

9.0 (5.6-14.5); n = 10

 

MHPG/NA

81.7 (37.6-111.1); n = 6a

47.1 (21.3-64.3); n = 10

21.5 (10.2-31.5); n = 10a

42.7 (33.1-69.9); n = 10

BA22

MHPG (ng/g)

779.9 (546.3-1,177.4); n = 10aa

810.3 (308.6-1,492.7); n = 10

296.0 (171.6-521.2); n = 10aa

609.6 (419.2-1,591.4); n = 10

 

5-HIAA (ng/g)

472.3 (293.2-793.5); n = 10aaa

311.3 (166.6-958.3); n = 10b

64.4 (46.5-133.3); n = 10aaa, b, f

255.2 (127.0-473.0); n = 10f

 

HVA (ng/g)

138.4 (125.5-207.8); n = 10a

116.8 (91.4-148.4); n = 10b

61.0 (47.1-89.0); n = 10a, b, f

141.7 (86.0-240.0); n = 10f

 

MHPG/NA

83.5 (23.6-92.1); n = 7

46.5 (29.1-137.8); n = 9b

17.9 (9.0-29.5); n = 10b

33.9 (22.1-79.3); n = 10

BA17

5-HIAA (ng/g)

143.6 (98.1-191.0); n = 9aa

117.8 (92.1-187.9); n = 10b

47.8 (32.6-69.5); n = 10aa, b, ff

147.9 (118.4-198.0); n = 10ff

 

DA (ng/g)

12.2 (7.1-17.9); n = 9d, c

2.7 (1.5-3.8); n = 10 c

4.3 (2.6-7.1); n = 10

3.5 (1.6-4.8); n = 10d

 

5-HT (ng/g)

13.7 (6.5-24.1); n = 9a

12.7 (3.4-24.4); n = 10

2.6 (2.2-5.7); n = 10a, f

8.8 (5.5-20.3); n = 10f

Cerebellum

5-HIAA (ng/g)

244.3 (103.4-538.2); n = 9a

276.3 (117.6-465.3); n = 9b

57.3 (38.4-81.8); n = 10a, b, f

181.9 (103.3-333.6); n = 10f

 

DA (ng/g)

5.6 (2.4-7.1); n = 9a

3.0 (2.0-17.9); n = 9

2.3 (0.5-2.6); n = 10a

3.4 (2.2-4.7); n = 10

 

HVA (ng/g)

105.4 (51.1-137.6); n = 9a

64.5 (55.9-94.9); n = 9b

35.3 (22.9-59.5); n = 10a, b

94.5 (43.1-149.2); n = 10

 

DOPAC/DA

2.3 (1.0-5.8); n = 9

1.7 (0.3-3.9); n = 9b

6.7 (3.7-13.9); n = 10b

1.4 (0.7-6.0); n = 9

Locus coeruleus

DOPAC (ng/g)

55.5 (32.8-102.6); n = 9a

41.5 (28.1-101.6); n = 9

19.3 (12.7-28.1); n = 10a, ff

78.8 (47.1-130.3); n = 10ff

 

DA (ng/g)

41.0 (25.9-102.9); n = 9a

34.5 (20.0-49.4); n = 9

15.8 (7.0-25.0); n = 10a, f

37.1 (30.1-55.7); n = 10f

 

HVA (ng/g)

1,361.6 (963.2-1,904.9); n = 9a

1,082.7 (834.7-1,634.6); n = 9b

540.2 (378.5-887.8); n = 10a, b, fff

1,603.2 (1,284.7-1,964.1); n = 10fff

 

HVA/5-HIAA

0.4 (0.2-0.5); n = 9

0.2 (0.2-0.3); n = 9

0.2 (0.1-0.2); n = 10f

0.4 (0.3-0.5); n = 10f

 

MHPG/NA

1.1 (0.9-2.6); n = 9

1.5 (1.3-2.0); n = 9b

3.9 (2.1-4.8); n = 10b

0.8 (0.5-2.4); n = 10

  1. Median (IQR); Kruskal-Wallis analyses (P <0.05) with post-hoc Mann–Whitney U tests were performed; only data remaining statistically significant following Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (P <0.00833; one superscript letter) are presented above; significant differences with P <0.001 and P <0.0001 are respectively indicated with two and three repeated superscript letters; the following letters are used: aAD + D vs. DLB + D, bAD-D vs. DLB + D, cAD + D vs. AD-D, dAD + D vs. CONTR, eAD-D vs. CONTR and fDLB + D vs. CONTR.
  2. 5-HIAA, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin); AD + D/-D, depressed/nondepressed Alzheimer’s disease patients; BA, Brodmann area; CONTR, control subjects; DA, dopamine; DLB + D, depressed dementia with Lewy bodies patients; DOPAC, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; HVA, homovanillic acid; MA and MT, monoamines and metabolites; MHPG, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol; NA, noradrenaline.