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Table 2 Cytoplasmic and nuclear protein biomarkers of senescence in Alzheimer's disease

From: Proteinopathy-induced neuronal senescence: a hypothesis for brain failure in Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases

Protein

Alteration(s) in AD

Association with senescence

p53

↑ in neurons, astrocytes [149, 150]

Constitutively active p53 can induce senescence [151, 152]

INK4A (p16)

↑ in neurons with NFT [153, 154]

Activated in senescence [155, 156]

Senescence associated-β-galactosidasea

Not examined

Classic widely accepted biomarker of senescence [92]

Cylcins D, E

↑ in neurons [157]

↑ in endothelial cells and fibroblasts during senescence [158, 159]

  1. aSenescence associated-β-galactosidase is β-galactosidase activity detected at pH 6.0. AD, Alzheimer's disease; NFT, neurofibrillary tangle.