Figure 1

Defects in protein recycling pathways in various neurodegenerative diseases. For autophagy, the defect can be at the level of autophagy induction, cargo recognition, autophagosome/lysosome fusion, or lysosomal degradation. AD, Alzheimer disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CMA, chaperone-mediated autophagy; FTD, frontotemporal lobe dementia; HD, Huntington disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PD, Parkinson disease; ULK-1, Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system.