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Table 4 Factors affecting the long-term outcome with MMSE, ADAS-cog or IADL score as dependent variables

From: Progression of mild Alzheimer’s disease: knowledge and prediction models required for future treatment strategies

 

MMSE

ADAS-cog

IADL

Percentage of variance accounted for, all fixed terms

28.6%, P <0.001

 

37.6%, P <0.001

 

60.9%, P <0.001

 

Significant predictors in final mixed modelsa

β (95% CI)

P-value

β (95% CI)

P-value

β (95% CI)

P-value

Fixed terms

Intercept

−25.751

0.022

−14.101

0.048

0.808

0.728

(−47.709, −3.793)

(−28.099, −0.102)

(−3.747, 5.363)

Time in months from baseline

−0.924

<0.001

0.480

0.019

0.154

<0.001

(−1.201, −0.648)

(0.078, 0.881)

(0.069, 0.239)

Baseline assessment score

2.198

<0.001

1.696

<0.001

1.530

<0.001

(1.272, 3.124)

(0.931, 2.462)

(1.262, 1.798)

Baseline assessment score2

 

ns

 

ns

−0.021

<0.001

(−0.029, −0.013)

Time in months × Baseline assessment score

0.028

<0.001

0.014

<0.001

−0.001

0.512

(0.019, 0.036)

(0.008, 0.021)

(−0.005, 0.003)

Time in months2 × Baseline assessment score

−0.00007

<0.001

0.0002

0.002

−0.00006

0.043

(−0.0001, −0.00004)

(0.00006, 0.0003)

(−0.0001, −0.000002)

Background variables:

Gender (male = 0, female = 1)

−0.582

0.001

 

ns

 

ns

(−0.233, −0.931)

APOE ϵ4 carrier (no = 0, yes = 1)

 

ns

1.278

0.015

 

ns

(2.307, 0.249)

Solitary living (no = 0, yes = 1)

 

ns

 

ns

0.776

0.001

(1.253, 0.299)

Education (years)

0.089

0.011

−0.111

0.281

−0.051

0.328

(0.021, 0.158)

(−0.312, 0.090)

(−0.152, 0.051)

Time in months × Education, years

−0.010

0.002

0.016

0.017

0.011

0.001

(−0.016, −0.004)

(0.003, 0.028)

(0.005, 0.018)

Age at first assessment (years)

0.491

0.001

0.285

0.002

0.042

0.023

(0.202, 0.780)

(0.101, 0.469)

(0.006, 0.078)

Time in months × Age

0.004

0.003

−0.009

<0.001

 

ns

(0.001, 0.006)

(−0.014, −0.004)

Baseline assessment score × Age

−0.022

<0.001

−0.015

0.004

 

ns

(−0.034, −0.010)

(−0.025, −0.005)

IADL score at baseline

−0.098

<0.001

0.225

<0.001

na

 

(−0.135, −0.062)

(0.117, 0.332)

MMSE score at baseline

na

 

na

 

−0.238

<0.001

(−0.358, −0.118)

ChEI doseb

0.010

0.049

−0.044

0.002

−0.013

0.048

(0.00004, 0.019)

(−0.071, −0.017)

(−0.026, −0.0001)

Random terms (variance)

Intercept

2.097

<0.001

17.298

<0.001

5.539

<0.001

(1.647, 2.669)

(13.849, 21.606)

(4.473, 6.858)

Time in months

0.026

<0.001

0.086

<0.001

0.027

<0.001

 

(0.022, 0.031)

 

(0.071, 0.104)

 

(0.022, 0.032)

 
  1. Age at onset, number of medications and specific concomitant medications used at baseline and the variable comparing the ChEI agents were not significant.
  2. β values were unstandardized and are expressed per one unit increase for continuous variables and for the condition present in dichotomous variables.
  3. aBaseline assessment score = MMSE, ADAS-cog or IADL, respectively.
  4. bMean percentage of the maximum recommended dose, that is, 10 mg for donepezil, 12 mg for rivastigmine and 24 mg for galantamine.
  5. Abbreviations: ADAS-cog, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale; APOE, apolipoprotein E; ChEI, cholinesterase inhibitors; CI, confidence interval; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; na not applicable; ns not significant.
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Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1758-9193